Hess’s Law is a fundamental principle in thermodynamics that describes how the change in enthalpy of a chemical reaction is independent of the path taken from the reactants to the products. In other words, Hess’s Law states that the overall enthalpy change in a reaction is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or through a series of intermediate steps. This principle is named after Germain Hess, a chemist who first formulated it. Continue reading Hess’s Law
Grignard reagents are organometallic compounds containing a carbon-metal bond, typically made from alkyl or aryl halides and magnesium metal. Discovered by French chemist Victor Grignard, they have become a crucial tool in modern organic chemistry due to their ability to act as powerful nucleophiles and initiate a wide range of organic reactions. Continue reading Grignard Reagents
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis are fundamental principles of electrochemistry that were discovered by Michael Faraday. These laws describe the relationship between the amount of electricity passed through an electrolytic solution and the products of the electrolysis reaction. Faraday’s laws of electrolysis have important applications in fields such as metallurgy, electroplating, and the production of chemicals. Continue reading Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis
Le Chatelier’s Principle is a fundamental principle in chemistry that describes the behavior of chemical systems in response to changes in various factors such as pressure, temperature, and concentration. It is named after the French chemist Henri Louis Le Chatelier who first formulated this principle in 1884. Continue reading Le Chatelier’s Principle with Example
A first order chemical reaction is a reaction in which the rate of reaction is proportional to the concentration of only one reactant. This means that the rate of reaction increases as the concentration of the reactant increases, and decreases as the concentration decreases. The mathematical expression for the rate law of a first order reaction is given by: Continue reading 1st Order Chemical Reactions
Resonance is a concept in chemical bonding that describes the distribution of electron density in a molecule that cannot be represented by a single Lewis structure. Lewis structures are a simple representation of the arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the distribution of electrons among them. However, some molecules have electron distributions that cannot be represented by a single Lewis structure, and instead, several Lewis structures must be used to describe the distribution of electrons. This concept is referred to as resonance. Continue reading Resonance in Chemical Bonding
Covalent bonding is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons between two or more atoms. This bond is characterized by the sharing of electrons between atoms in order to fill the valence shell of each atom and attain a stable electron configuration. Covalent bonding is one of the most important types of chemical bonds, as it plays a crucial role in the formation of a wide range of chemical compounds, including many biological molecules such as DNA and proteins. Continue reading Covalent Bond
